Madhamu ndechimwe chezvivakwa zvinoyevedza zvakambovakwa nevanhu, uye ane kukosha kukuru chero kwaanowanikwa. Madhamu anowanzova makuru; hombe. Asi ndeapi makuru? Zvakanaka, zvinoenderana nekuti iwe unozvitarisa sei-pano tichatarisa huwandu hwemvura, asi pane zvimwe zvienzaniso (zvakadai sehurefu hwakazara kana simba rinogadzirwa).
Simba reHydroelectric ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa sosi yemagetsi anovandudzwa. Inoonekwawo seyakaderera mutengo wemagetsi sosi mumisika mizhinji, inosvika madhora 0.047 pakilowatt awa. China ndiyo inonyanya kugadzira magetsi emvura, ichiteverwa nevamwe vagadziri vakuru vakaita seUnited States, Brazil, Canada, India neRussia.
Madhamu mazhinji ane dhamu, gedhi kana vharafu yekudzora kuti yakawanda sei mvura inoyerera kubva mudziva, uye yekubuda kana nzvimbo iyo mvura inozosvika kana yayerera ichidzika. Mvura inowana simba rinokwanisa kuita isati yafashukira pamusoro pedhamu kana kuyerera. Inobva yashandurwa kuita kinetic simba rinogona kushandiswa kugadzira magetsi.
Kune akati wandei marudzi emagetsi emagetsi emagetsi. Iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa inonzi "mvura yekuchengetedza nzvimbo", umo dhamu rinoshandiswa kudzora kuyerera kwemvura inochengetwa mudhamu. Kana simba rakawanda richidiwa, mvura inobuda mudhamu. Kana mvura yangosunungurwa, inoyerera ichidzika nepakati peturbine uye mashizha anopa simba kune jenareta.
Imwe mhando ndeye "diversion facility", iyo isingashandisi dhamu. Pane kudaro, inoshandisa nhevedzano yemigero kutungamira mvura yerwizi inoyerera kumaturbine anofambiswa nemajenareta. Chekupedzisira, chikamu chechitatu chinonzi "pumped storage facilities", iyo inochengetedza simba nekupomba mvura kubva kumadziva akadzikira kusvika kumadziva epamusoro-soro.
Joinha tsamba yeZME kuti utore nhau dzesainzi dzinoshamisa, maficha uye nhau dzakasarudzika. Iwe haugone kukanganisa nevanopfuura 40,000 vanyoreri.
Dhamu iri riri munzvimbo yaimbova Kariba Gorge uye rinoumba Lake Kariba-ine nzvimbo yekuchengetera mvura inoita 185 bhiriyoni cubic metres nenzvimbo ye5580 square kilometers. Dhamu guru iri riri pamuganhu weZambia neZimbabwe.
Kuvakwa kwedhamu iri kwakatanga muna 1956 uye kwakapedzwa muna 1959. Dhamu iri rinopa magetsi anosvika mabhiriyoni mazana matanhatu nemazana manomwe ezviuru zvemagetsi gore rega rega uye rinogadzirwa nemakambani eKariba North neSouth Bank. Yakabhadhara mutengo mukuru, ichitamisa vanhu vedzinza reBatunka vanopfuura 30 000 muZambia uye kubudisa zviuru zvemhuka dzomusango.
Vamwe zvizvarwa zvemuAfrica zvakambopikisa kuvakwa kwedhamu iri, vachiona sechiratidzo cheRhodesia neNyasaland Federation yakanga isingafarirwe, iyo yakaparara ichipinda muRhodesia (yava Zimbabwe) neZambia muna 1963. Asi gare gare nekuda kwemutengo wakaderera wemagetsi, dhamu rakagamuchirwa. sezvo yaigovera mamiriro ezvinhu nokuda kweindasitiri yemhangura yakabudirira yeZambia.
Iri muSiberia uye ine dhamu re169.27 bhiriyoni cubic metres, zvichiita kuti rive rechipiri pakukura dhamu pasi rose. Dhamu iri riri paRwizi rweAngara, rine nzvimbo yekuchengetera 5,540 square kilometers. Iyo yakareba mamita 125 uye yakareba mamita 1452, ine njanji uye migwagwa mikuru pamusoro, uye inoiswa simba re4500 MW.
Kuvaka kwakapedzwa muna 1965. Chokwadi chakabvumikisa kuti ikoku kwakaoma zvikuru nemhaka yokuti tembiricha yechando muSiberia inogona kuva yakaderera se -58ºC uye kune mazuva 281 echando gore rimwe nerimwe. Mukuwedzera, guta reBratsk kwariri riri kure kwazvo nekupa zvinhu uye basa. Mamwe madhamu matatu anowanikwawo pedyo nerwizi rweAngara (Irkutsk, Ust-Ilim neBogučani).
Iyo inozivikanwawo seVolta Dam, idhamu rechitatu pakukura zvichienderana nekuchengeta mvura. Yakavakwa paRwizi rweVolta uye yakagadzira 8,500 square kilometres yeVolta Lake, inova dhamu rakakura kwazvo pasi rose rine nzvimbo yakakura kwazvo. Chitubu chedhamu chakareba 700m uye 134m kureba, chinosanganisira 12 miriyoni cubic metres yekuchera pamusoro.
Netsigiro yemari yakabva kuWorld Bank, United States neUnited Kingdom, yakavakwa pakati pa1961 na1965. Kunyange zvazvo zvino ichigovera simba kuGhana, Benin neTogo, donzo rayo rapakuvamba rakanga riri rokugovera magetsi kuindasitiri yearuminiyamu. Mune purojekiti muna 2006, kubuda kwayo kwemagetsi kwakakwidziridzwa kusvika 1.02 MW.
Iri dhamu, rinozivikanwawo seManic 5 Dam, riri paRwizi rweManicouagan uye rinoumba Manicouagan Reservoir ine simba rekuchengetedza 139.8 bhiriyoni cubic metres. Dziva iri ndiro rechina pakukura pasi rose. Dhamu racho rakareba mamita 213,9 uye kureba kwemamita 1,310. Yakavakwa pachishandiswa 2.2 miriyoni cubic metres yekongiri.
Dhamu iri rinotungamirirwa neQuebec Hydropower uye rakavakwa kubva 1959 kusvika 1968 uye rine simba rakaiswa 2,660 megawatts. Inotumidzwa zita reMutungamiriri wechimakumi maviri weQuebec, Daniel Johnson, aive nebasa rekutanga chirongwa ichi panguva yake. Vakafa musi wavaifanirwa kutungamira mabiko ekukumikidzwa kwedhamu.
Iro zita repamutemo rechishanu dhamu rakakura rakaverengerwa nehukuru hwedhamu iSimon Bolivar Hydropower Station. Inowanikwa muVenezuela uye ine dura re135 bhiriyoni cubic metres. Dhamu racho rakareba mamita 162 uye kureba makiromita 7.5. Kwemakore akawanda, ndiyo yaive yakasimba kwazvo pasi rose, iine simba re10,200 MW.
Chirongwa ichi chakaitwa muzvikamu zviviri, kutanga muna 1963 na1986 zvichiteerana. Chirongwa chekuvandudza dhamu iri chiri kuenderera mberi. Inowanikwa makiromita zana kumusoro kweRwizi rweKaroni muNequima Canyon mudunhu reOrinoco. Kambani yeVenezuelan CVG Electrification del Caroni (Edelca) inoshanda uye inochengetedza chirimwa ichi.
Iri ndiro dhamu guru pane Nile muEgypt uye dhamu rechitanhatu pakukura pasirese. Dziva raro, Lake Nasser, rakatumidzwa zita reaimbove Mutungamiriri Nasser, uye rine nzvimbo yekuchengetera inosvika 132 bhiriyoni cubic metres. Inogadzira 2,100 megawatts uye inopawo mvura yekurima muEgypt neSudan.
Dhamu rakavakwa mushure mekuvakwa kweAswan Low Dam muna 1902. Zvichienderana nekubudirira kwemadhamu mashoma uyezve kuwedzera kushandiswa, kuvakwa kwemadhamu marefu chave chinangwa chikuru chehurumende. Dhamu iri rinoonekwa sekiyi yekusimudzira maindasitiri eEgypt, nekugona kudzora mafashamu nekugadzira magetsi.
Dhamu, rakavakwa paRwizi rwePease muBritish Columbia, rine nzvimbo yekuchengetera inosvika 74 bhiriyoni cubic metres uye inofukidza nzvimbo ye1,773 square kilometers, iri pachinomwe. Padhamu, nzizi dzeFinlay, Parsnip neRunyararo dzinoyerera dzichipinda muLake Williston, inozivikanwawo seWilliston Reservoir, sechikamu chechirongwa ichi.
Dhamu iri rakapihwa zita remukuru wehurumende mudunhu iri, avo vakaita kuvakwa kwaro chikamu chehurongwa hwekusimudzira hupfumi hwenyika. Kuvaka kwakatanga muna 1961 uye kwakapedzwa muna 1967 pamutengo we750 mamiriyoni emadhora ekuAmerica. Iine simba rakaiswa 2,790 megawatts uye yakatanga kugadzira magetsi muna 1968 uye inoshandiswa neBC Hydro.
Ndiro dhamu rechisere pakukura pasirese, riri parwizi rweYenisei muSiberia. Yakagadzira Krasnoyarskoye Reservoir ine simba rekuchengetedza re73.3 bhiriyoni cubic metres. Yakanga iri hombe gwenya rimwe chete pasi rose kutozosvikira Grand Coulee Dam muWashington State yasvika 6,181 megawatts muna 1983-kupfuura 6.000 megawatts iripo.
Dhamu rakavakwa pakati pe1956 na1972 uye rainyanya kushandiswa kupa simba kune yemunharaunda Krasnoyarsk aruminiyamu chirimwa. Kuvakwa kwaro kwakange kuri budiriro yakakosha munyika zvekuti hurumende yakafunga kuratidza dhamu pabhangi remaruble gumi-rakatangwa muna 1998, asi rakamiswa muna 2010.
Dhamu rakavakwa kubva muna 1964 kusvika 1975 paRwizi Zeya muRussia Amur Region, kuchamhembe kwemuganhu weChina. Zeya Reservoir ine simba rekuchengetedza 68.42 bhiriyoni cubic metres yakavakwa, inova dhamu rechipfumbamwe rakaverengerwa nekugona kwedhamu. Nzvimbo yedhamu ndeye 2,419 square kilometers.
Chigadzirwa chemagetsi chedhamu chine majenareta matanhatu ane huwandu hwakaiswa hunosvika 1,290 MW. Dhamu iri rakareba mamita 112 uye kureba mamita 714, uye rinoshandisa kongiri inodarika mabhiriyoni maviri emacubic metres. Mutsetse mukuru weBaikal-Amur unoenda kubhangi rekuchamhembe, uko kwakavakirwa zambuko.
Dhamu iri, raimbozivikanwa seLa Grande-2, riri muQuebec, Canada, uye rine 61.7 bhiriyoni cubic mita reservoir rinofukidza nzvimbo inoda kusvika 3 square kilometers. Dhamu racho ndere Quebec Hydropower uye rakavakwa kubva 1974 kusvika 1981. Ikozvino yakaiswa simba i5,616 MW.
Dhamu iri rakatumidzwa zita raRobert Bourassa, aimbove gavhuna aitarisira chirongwa cheJames Bay, icho chakavaka nhevedzano yemagetsi emagetsi emagetsi uye akawedzera nzvimbo yaro kugadzira imwe yemagetsi makuru emagetsi emagetsi pasi rose. Iyo iri padyo neLa Grande-2-A fekitori, iyo yakashandiswa muna 1991-1992.
Zvinoenderana nedata kubva kuInternational Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), panosvika 2050, simba repasi rose rakaiswa simba remvura richada kuwedzera ne60% kusvika 2,150 GW kubatsira kudzora tembiricha inokwira zviri pasi pe2ºC Mukati, izvi zvinoenderana ne Chibvumirano cheParis pamusoro pekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. ). Izvi zvichaumba mabasa anosvika mazana matanhatu ezviuru mumakore gumi anotevera.
Kunyangwe dzimwe nguva ichibvunzwa nekuda kwekutamiswa kwenharaunda uye kukanganisa kwenharaunda yakatenderedza, hydropower ine zvakawanda zvakanaka. Iwo matsime emagetsi akachena uye haasvibise mhepo semafuta anopisa mafuta emagetsi. Simba rinogadzirwa rinoenderana nekutenderera kwemvura, zvichiita kuti ive simba rakavimbika uye risingadhuri.
Fermin Koop mutori wenhau anobva kuBuenos Aires, Argentina. Ane dhigirii re master in environment and development kubva kuUniversity of Reading (UK), achiita basa rekutora nhau munyaya dzezvekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze nemamiriro ekunze.
Nguva yekutumira: Nov-05-2021
